In modern Chinese culture, [[Confucius]] holds a more dominant influence than [[Lao Tzu]] largely due to the historical alignment of Confucianism with state [[Ideology]], its structured social vision, and its practical adaptability in contemporary governance, education, and moral discourse. 1. Historical Integration into State Ideology Confucianism became the bedrock of Chinese imperial administration from the Han Dynasty onward. Its emphasis on [[Hierarchical|hierarchy]], duty, filial piety, and social harmony was institutionalised through civil service examinations and Confucian texts, creating a lasting association between Confucian values and good governance. Lao Tzu’s Daoism, being more mystical, non-interventionist, and individualistic, was less compatible with bureaucratic systems of control. 2. Moral and Social Framework Confucianism offers a clearly defined moral and social code that supports order and collective responsibility. In a country as vast and diverse as China, such coherence has long been prized. Modern Chinese society, which still values harmony, respect for authority, and educational achievement, often frames these virtues through a Confucian lens. 3. Revival by the Chinese State Since the early 2000s, the Chinese government has actively revived Confucian ideals as part of its cultural soft power. Institutions like Confucius Institutes around the world promote Chinese language and culture with Confucian values at their core. Leaders such as Xi Jinping have openly cited Confucian concepts like “datong” (great unity) to reinforce social and political goals. In contrast, Daoism is promoted more as a cultural relic or spiritual tradition, not a comprehensive social philosophy. 4. Educational and Ethical Influence Confucian ideals underpin much of China’s modern educational culture—respect for teachers, pursuit of scholarship, and moral cultivation. In contrast, Lao Tzu’s Dao De Jing encourages spontaneity, non-action (wu wei), and alignment with nature—ideas that, while influential in arts, philosophy, and wellness, are less central to state-sponsored moral education or institutional life. 5. Global Representation While Lao Tzu has significant influence globally—especially in New Age, environmental, and spiritual circles—Confucius is often treated as the “face” of Chinese civilisation, due to his legacy of shaping societal order, political thought, and interpersonal ethics. In sum, while both thinkers remain highly influential, Confucius’ structured and state-aligned vision of life continues to resonate more strongly with the cultural, educational, and political frameworks of modern China. Lao Tzu’s influence, by contrast, is more diffuse, spiritual, and often countercultural # Ethnicities China is a **multi-ethnic** nation with **56 officially recognized ethnic groups**, each contributing to the country's rich cultural tapestry. The **Han Chinese** are the majority, making up about **91.5%** of the population, while the remaining **8.5%** belong to **55 ethnic minorities**, each with unique languages, traditions, and histories. ### **Key Ethnic Groups in China:** 1. **Han Chinese (汉族)** - The dominant group, forming the majority in most provinces. - Historically shaped China's political, economic, and cultural landscape. 2. **Zhuang (壮族)** - Largest minority group (~16 million), primarily in **Guangxi**. - Known for their **Bronze Drum culture** and vibrant festivals. 3. **Hui (回族)** - A **Muslim** ethnic group (~11 million), widely dispersed but concentrated in **Ningxia**. - Distinguished by their **halal cuisine** and Islamic traditions. 4. **Manchu (满族)** - Once ruled China during the **Qing Dynasty** (~10 million). - Many have assimilated into Han culture but retain some traditions. 5. **Uyghurs (维吾尔族)** - Predominantly **Turkic-speaking Muslims** (~12 million) in **Xinjiang**. - Known for their **music, dance (e.g., Muqam), and cuisine (e.g., lamb kebabs, naan)**. 6. **Tibetans (藏族)** - Inhabit the **Tibetan Plateau**, practicing **Tibetan Buddhism**. - Famous for **thangka paintings, yak herding, and Losar (New Year)**. 7. **Mongols (蒙古族)** - Traditionally nomadic, residing in **Inner Mongolia**. - Celebrate **Naadam Festival** (wrestling, horse racing, archery). 8. **Yi (彝族)** - Live in **Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou**, known for their **Torch Festival**. 9. **Miao (苗族) & Hmong (a subgroup)** - Famous for **silver jewelry, batik textiles, and Lusheng music**. 10. **Dai (傣族)** - In **Yunnan**, closely related to Thai people; celebrate **Water-Splashing Festival**. ### **Government Policies on Ethnic Diversity:** - **Regional Autonomy:** Areas like **Xinjiang, Tibet, and Inner Mongolia** have **autonomous status** with some self-governance. - **Affirmative Action:** Minorities receive benefits in **education (lower university entry scores) and family planning (exemptions from one-child policy historically)**. - **Cultural Preservation:** Some minority languages are taught in schools, and traditional festivals are promoted. - **Controversies:** Critics argue that policies in **Xinjiang and Tibet** suppress cultural identity, while the government emphasizes **stability and development**. ### **Challenges & Modern Realities:** - **Assimilation vs. Preservation:** Many young minorities adopt Mandarin and Han customs for economic opportunities. - **Tourism & Commercialization:** Some traditions become commodified (e.g., Dai dances in Yunnan). - **Interethnic Relations:** Generally peaceful, but tensions exist in border regions like Xinjiang. ### **Conclusion:** China’s ethnic diversity is a complex blend of **unity (中华民族, "Chinese nation") and distinct identities**. While the government promotes **harmony**, debates continue over **cultural preservation, autonomy, and integration**. `Concepts:` `Knowledge Base:`