`Concepts:` `Knowledge Base:` A counter [[Philosophy]] or theory to [[Relativism]] is absolutism or universalism. These positions argue that certain truths, values, or principles are fixed, objective, and universally applicable, regardless of cultural, individual, or situational differences. Here are some key examples: 1. Moral Absolutism • Claims there are objective moral truths that apply to all people at all times, regardless of cultural or individual differences. For example, some may argue that acts like murder or theft are inherently wrong. 2. Platonism • Asserts the existence of unchanging, universal forms or ideas (such as “goodness” or “beauty”) that transcend human [[perception]] or context. 3. Kantian Ethics • Proposes that moral actions are governed by universal maxims derived from reason, such as the categorical imperative: “Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.” 4. Objectivism • In a metaphysical sense, objectivism posits that reality exists independently of individual perceptions, and in [[ethics]] (as advocated by Ayn Rand), it upholds that there are objective standards for evaluating human actions. 5. Theological Absolutism • Found in religious doctrines, it claims divine laws or truths are eternal and apply to all humanity universally. These perspectives contrast with relativism by denying that truth or [[Morality]] is subjective or context-dependent. Instead, they emphasise the existence of a common standard that applies universally. ![[Absolutism.webp]] https://www.amazon.com.au/Absolutism-Its-Discontents-Society-Seventeenth/dp/0887381804 `Concepts:` `Knowledge Base:`