**Dual-Process Theory (Duel System Theory in some informal texts):** This theory proposes that human cognition operates through **two distinct systems of thinking**: 1. **System 1 – Fast, Automatic Thinking** - Operates unconsciously, quickly, and with little effort. - Relies on heuristics, intuition, and pattern recognition. - Prone to biases and errors, but efficient for everyday decisions. - Example: Instantly recognising a familiar face or reacting to a sudden threat. 2. **System 2 – Slow, Deliberate Thinking** - Conscious, effortful, and analytical. - Involves reasoning, planning, and logical evaluation. - Can override System 1 impulses when reflection is required. - Example: Solving a complex math problem or planning a route through traffic. **Key Implications:** - Many cognitive [[biases]] arise because System 1 dominates in familiar or time-pressured situations. - Expertise often involves training System 1 for accurate rapid decisions, while System 2 is reserved for novel or complex problems. - The interplay of the two systems explains phenomena in decision-making, moral reasoning, and behavioural economics. **Notable Researchers:** - Daniel Kahneman (_Thinking, Fast and Slow_) - Amos Tversky (collaborator on heuristics and biases) - Keith Stanovich (further elaborated the theory in cognitive psychology) `Concepts:` `Knowledge Base:`