The Quakers, formally known as the Religious [[Society]] of Friends, originated in England in the mid-17th century during a time of religious and political upheaval. Their roots lie in the [[Populist|Protestant]] Reformation and the subsequent radical movements that sought to further reform or challenge the Church of England. Key Origins: 1. Founder: George Fox (1624–1691) is credited as the founder of the Quaker movement. He was dissatisfied with the established churches of his time and sought a more direct, personal experience of God. In 1647, Fox began preaching that true [[Religion]] comes from the “Inner Light” or “that of God in everyone,” rather than from rituals or clergy. 2. Theological Basis: The Quakers emphasised [[Simplicity]], equality, peace, and direct communion with God. They rejected formal liturgies, hierarchies, and sacraments, believing that worship should be led by the Spirit rather than through pre-planned services or sermons. 3. Persecution and Growth: The movement gained followers, particularly among those disillusioned by the rigid structures of the Church of England. However, their radical beliefs, such as refusing to swear oaths, reject military service, and allow women to speak in meetings, led to widespread persecution in England. 4. Name ‘Quaker’: The term Quaker was initially a derogatory nickname, allegedly because Fox urged a magistrate to “tremble at the word of the Lord.” The name stuck, although members often referred to themselves as “Friends.” 5. Migration to the Americas: To escape persecution, many Quakers emigrated to the Americas in the late 17th century. In 1681, William Penn, a Quaker, established Pennsylvania as a colony based on religious tolerance and Quaker principles, allowing the movement to thrive. Impact: The Quakers were notable for their early advocacy of abolitionism, prison reform, women’s rights, and pacifism, leaving a significant mark on social reform movements worldwide. Their commitment to equality and nonviolence continues to influence their practices and [[Activism]] today. Core Principle: Equality and direct relationship with the divine. • Evidence: • Quakers reject formal clergy and [[hierarchical]] church structures, emphasising that everyone can experience the “Inner Light” (divine presence). • Meetings for worship are typically unprogrammed, with no designated leader. Instead, members speak as they feel led by the Spirit. • Decisions are made collectively through a process of consensus, reflecting their commitment to equality and shared responsibility.